A few days before the battle, when he learnt of a Makkan caravan returning from the Levant led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Muhammad gathered a small expeditionary force to capture it. Abu Sufyan, learning of the Muslim plan to ambush his caravan, changed course and took a longer route away from Muhammad's base at Madinah and sent a messenger to Makkah, asking for help. After mobilizing an army and beginning to head toward Madinah, another messenger from Abu Sufyan gave the Meccans the news of his escape from the Madani ambush. Hearing of this, the Meccan army showed a desire to return home. Abu Jahl threatened the tribes of Makkah and insisted upon camping at Badr and showing Muhammad's faction the Meccan's supremacy. Despite his threats, the Banu Zahrah clan, on the advice of Al-Akhnas ibn Shurayq, returned to Makkah. Banu Hashim also attempted to return, but were threatened by Abu Jahl to stay. Now commanding an army nearly one-thousand strong, Abu Jahl approached Badr and encamped at a sand dune at al-'Udwatul Quswa.
Badr was the first large-scale engagement between the Muslims and Qurayshi Makkah. Advancing to a strong defensive position at al-'Udwatud Dunya, Muhammad's force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including Abu Jahl and Umayyah ibn Khalaf.[2] The Muslim victory strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina[3]and gave the early Muslims the hope that they may eventually defeat their Meccan enemies. Badr was a key conflict in both the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle against the Quraish[4] in Makkah. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. All knowledge of the battle at Badrcomes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad(seerah), recorded in written form some time after the battle. There is little evidence beside these and there are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th century.
Background of Battle BADR
After the Hijra (migration to Madinah) in 623 CE, the population of Madinah chose Muhammad to be the leader of the community. Muhammad decided to raid the caravans of the Makkans as they passed by Madinah, considering it recompensation for the years of abuse the Muhajirun faced under the Quraysh and for the wealth they were forced to leave back at Makkah. In early 624, a caravan of the Quraysh led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb carrying wealth and goods from the Levant was returning to Makkah. Knowing of the threat of Muhammad's growing influence in the region, routinely sent spies to check on Muhammad and warn him of any Madani movement in the area. Muhammad gathered a small expeditionary force of around 300 men to intercept the caravan. Abu Sufyan's spies informed him of the Madani plot to ambushhis caravan. Fearing the loss of wealth that was imminent, Abu Sufyan sent the messenger Damdam bin 'Amr al-Ghifari to the Quraish. Damdam, upon his arrival at the Ka'bah, cut off the nose and ears of his camel, turned its saddle upside down, tore off his shirt and cried:[2]
"O Quraish! Your merchandise! It is with Abu Sufyan. The caravan is being intercepted by Muhammad and his companions. I cannot say what would have happened to them. Help! Help!"[2]
Abu Sufyan had rerouted his caravan toward the Red Sea and escaped the Madani threat by Damdam's arrival at Makkah.
Battlefield
Map depicting the battlefield, with al-'Udwatul Dunya and al-'Udwatul Quswa, shown to the right.
The valley of Badr is surrounded by two large sand dunes to the east, called al-'Udwatud Dunya (the near side of the valley) and al-'Udwatul Quswa (the far side of the valley). The Qur'an speaks of these two in Surah 8, verse 42. The west of the valley was covered by the al-Asfal Mountain (Jabal Al-Asfal) with an opening between it and another hill in the northwest.
Between al-'Udwatud Dunya and al-'Udwatul Quswa was an opening, which was the primary route to Madinah. Muhammad and his army did not approach the battlefield from here, they came from the north, as they were originally planning to target the caravan, which was moving from the Levant in the north, to Makkah in the south. Between al-'Udwatul Quswa and the hill covering the southern part of the battlefield was another opening, which was the primary route from Makkah.
The Quraish had encamped in the south-eastern portion of the valley near the road to Makkah, while Muhammad and his army had encamped in some date-palms in the north. They had taken a well near the center of the western margin of al-'Udwatul Dunya and destroyed the other wells near the road to Madinah to prevent the Makkans from getting any water. Another well situated at the end of the road to Makkah was later filled with the dead bodies of the dead Makkans.
Rainfall
On the night of 11 March (15 Ramadan), it had rained over the battlefield and the surrounding region. Muslims believe this was a blessing from Allah for the believers and a curse for the disbelievers, who suffered hardship in trying to climb the muddy slope.[2]
Battle
Muslim march to Badr
A map of the Badr campaign, showing the route taken by
Abu Sufyan to protect his caravan from the
Levant to
Makkah, the route taken by
Amr ibn Hishām (Abu Jahl) from Makkah to
Badr and the route taken by Muhammad and the Muslims from Madinah to Makkah.
Muhammad was able to gather an army of 313-317 men. Sources vary upon the exact number, but the generally accepted number is 313. This army consisted of 82 Muhajirun, 61 men from the 'Aws and 170 men from the Khazraj.[2] They were not well-equipped for a major conflict nor prepared. They only had two horses, and those belonged to az-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam and al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr. The entire army had 70 camels, meaning that they had one camel for two to three men to ride alternatively.[6][2] Muhammad shared a camel with 'Ali ibn Abu Talib and Marthad ibn Abi Marthad al-Ghanawi.[2] The guardianship and administration of Madinah was entrusted with 'Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum, but later with Abu Lubaba ibn 'Abd al-Mundhir.[2] Muhammad handed a white standard to Mus‘ab ibn 'Umair al-Qurashi al-'Abdari.[2] The army was divided into two battalions: one of the 82 Muhajirun and the other of the 231 Ansar.[2] The flag of the Muhajirun was carried by 'Ali ibn Abu Talib, while that of the Ansar was carried by Sa'd ibn Mu'adh.[2] az-Zubayr commanded the right flank, while al-Miqdad commanded the left.[2]And the rear of the army was commanded by Qays bin Abi Sa'sa'ah.
With Muhammad in the lead, the army marched out along the main road to Makkah, from the north.[2] At Safra', he dispatched Basbas al-Juhani and 'Adi al-Juhani to scout for the Quraish. The future Caliph Uthmanstayed behind to care of his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad.[7]Salman al-Farsi also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.[8]
Qurayshi advance toward Badr
All of the clans of the Quraish except the Banu 'Adi quickly assembled an excited army of around 1300 men, 100 horses and a large number of camels. Moving swiftly towards Badr, they passed the valleys of 'Usfan, Qadid and al-Juhfah. At al-Juhfah, another messenger from Abu Sufyan informed them of the safety of their merchandise and wealth. Upon receiving this message, the Makkan army expressed delight and showed a desire to return home. Abu Jahl was not interested in returning and insisted on proceeding to Badr, and holding a feast there to show the Muslims and the surrounding tribes that they were superior. Despite Abu Jahl's threat and insistence, the Banu Zahrah, numbering around 300, broke away from the army and returned to Makkah, on the advice of Al-Akhnas ibn Shurayq. Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, also attempted to break away but were threatened by Abu Jahl to stay.[2]Many of the Qurayshi nobles, including Abu Jahl, al-Walid ibn 'Utbah, 'Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, and Umayyah ibn Khalaf, joined the Meccan army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, a guard killed in one of the caravan ambushes at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims.[9] Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming Umayyah ibn Khalaf into joining the expedition.[10]
Plans of action
Muslim council near Badr
Muhammad held a council of war to review the situation and decide on a plan-of-action. According to some Muslim scholars, the following verses of Surah Al Anfal, Chapter 8 of the Qur'an, were revealed in lieu of some Muslims fearing the encounter:[2]
"As your Lord caused you (Muhammad) to go out from your home with the Truth, and verily, a party among the believers disliked it, disputing with you concerning the Truth after it was made manifest, as if they were being driven to death while they were looking (at it)." — Qur'an, 8:5-6
Abu Bakr, who was the first to speak at the meeting and he reassured Muhammad.[2]'Umar was next. Then, al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr got up and said:[2][11]
"O Messenger of Allah! Proceed where Allah directs you to, for we are with you. We will not say as the Children of Israelsaid to Musa: "Go you and your Lord and fight and we will stay here;" rather we shall say: "Go you and your Lord and fight and we will fight along with you." By Allah! If you were to take us to Birk al-Ghimad, we will still fight resolutely with you against its defenders until you gained it."[2][11]
The Prophet then praised him and supplicated for him, but the three who had spoken were of the Muhajirun, who only constituted around one-third of the Muslim men in Madinah. Muhammad wanted the opinion of the Ansar, who were not committed to fighting beyond their territories in the Pledges of 'Aqabah. Muhammad then indirectly asked the Ansar to speak, which Sa'd ibn Mu'adh understood and asked for permission to speak. Muhammad immediately gave him permission to speak and Sa'd said:[2]
Behold! Allah Promised you one of the two (enemy) parties, that it should be yours: Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours, but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers;
"O Prophet of Allah! We believe in you and we bear witness to what you have brought is the Truth. We give you our firm pledge of obedience and sacrifice. We will obey you most willingly in whatever you command us, and by Allah, Who has sent you with the Truth, if you were to ask us to throw ourselves into the sea, we will do that most readily and not a man of us will stay behind. We do not deny the idea of encounter with the enemy. We are experienced in war and we are trustworthy in control. We hope that Allah will show you through our hands those deeds of bravery which will please your eyes. Kindly lead us to the battlefield in the Name of Allah."[2]
The Prophet, who was impressed with his loyalty and the spirit of sacrifice he showed, replied with:[2]
"Move ahead and receive good news, for Allah has promised me one of the two (the reward of returning with the spoils-of-war or strife (jihad) in the cause of Allah against the polytheists), and by Allah, it is as if I now see the enemy lying prostrate."[2]
Muslim plan of action
By Sunday, 11 March, both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Muhammad and Abu Bakr had conducted a scouting operation and managed to locate the camp of the Quraish. They came across an old bedouin nearby from whom they managed to find out the exact strength of their army and their location. In the evening, Muhammad dispatched 'Ali, az-Zubayr and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas to scout for the Makkans. They captured two Meccan water-bearers at the wells of Badr. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army.[12] Unsatisfied with their answer, while Muhammad was praying, some of the Muslims beat the two boys into lying and Muhammad strictly condemned this action later. Muhammad then extracted the details of the Makkans from the boys. The next day Muhammad ordered a march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans.[2]
When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to encamp at the first well he encountered. al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir, however, asked him if this choice was from divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off or destroy the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and the plan was carried out at midnight.[2]Muhammad had also given strict orders to not begin an attack without his sole permission.[2]
Muhammad spent the whole night of 12 March (16 Ramadan) praying near a tree. The Muslim army enjoyed a refreshing night of sleep, again believed by Muslims, to be a blessing from Allah.[2]
Meccan plan of action
While little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Makkah until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. The Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many allies they had scattered throughout the Hejaz.[13] Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan. Besides, it is believed they expected an easy victory.
Since Muhammad's army had either destroyed or taken all the wells in the city, a few Makkans approached the well controlled by Muslims to draw out water. All were shot except Hakim ibn Hizam, who later accepted Islam. At midnight on 13 March, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. 'Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi made a survey of the Muslim position and reported 300 men keen on fighting to the last man.[2][14][15] After another scouting mission, he reported that neither were the Muslims going to be reinforced, nor were they planning any ambushes.[2][14] This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishis' sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance.[16]
The Duels
The battle began with al-Aswad bin 'Abdul-Asad al-Makhzumi, one of the men from Abu Jahl's clan, the Banu Makhzum, swearing that he would drink from the well of the Muslims or otherwise destroy it or die for it. In response to his cries, Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib, one of Muhammad's uncles, came out and they began fighting in a duel. Hamza struck al-Aswad's leg before dealing him another blow that would kill him. Seeing this, three men protected by armor and shields, Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, alongside his brother, Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah and son, al-Walid ibn 'Utbah, emerged from the Makkan ranks. Three of the Madani Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Muhajirun, keeping the dispute within the tribe. So Hamza approached and called on Ubaydah ibn al-Harith and 'Ali ibn Abu Talib to join him. The first two duels between 'Ali and al-Walid and Hamza and Shaybah were quick with both managing to kill their opponents swiftly. After the fight between Ali and Walid, Hamza looked at 'Ubaydah to find him seriously wounded. He then fell upon and killed Shaybah. Ali and Hamza then carried Ubaydah back into the Muslim lines. He died later due to a disease.[17][18][19][2] A shower of arrows from both sides followed these duels and this was followed by several other duels, most of which were won by the Muslims.[2]The Makkans now took the offensive and charged upon the Muslim lines.[2]
The Makkan charge and Muslim counter-attack
As the Makkans charged upon the Muslims, Muhammad kept asking Allah, stretching his hands toward the Qibla:
"O Allah! Should this group (of Muslims) be defeated today, You will no longer be worshipped."
Muhammad kept reciting his prayer until his cloak fell off his shoulders, at which point Abu Bakr picked it up and put it back on his shoulders and said:
"O Prophet of Allah, you have cried out enough to your Lord. He will surely fulfill what He has promised you."
Muhammad gave the order to carry out a counterattack against the enemy now, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Makkans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"[20][21] or "Confusion seize their faces."[2] The Muslim army yelled in reply, "Yā manṣūr amit!" meaning "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!" and rushed the Qurayshi lines. The Makkans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. Muslims attribute their fear of fighting and fleeing from the battlefield to divine intervention, with the Qur'an stating in Chapter 8, verse 12, that Allah sent thousands of angels (mala'ikah) to strengthen the ranks of Muslims. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by early afternoon.[20] The Qur'an describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to terrify the Quraish.[21][22] It also describes how Iblis, the Leader of the Jinn, mentioned to have taken the form of Suraqa ibn Malik, fled the battlefield upon seeing the angels.[2] Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several ahadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle.[2]
The death of Abu Jahl, and the casting of the Meccan dead into dry wells
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